When is science britannica on

The contributors often came from other countries and included the world's most respected authorities in their fields. A general index of all articles was included for the first time in the 7th edition, a practice maintained until The first English-born editor-in-chief was Thomas Spencer Baynes, who oversaw the production of the 9th edition; dubbed the "Scholar's Edition", the 9th is the most scholarly Britannica.

The American owners gradually simplified articles, making them less scholarly for a mass market. The 10th edition was a nine-volume supplement to the 9th, but the 11th edition was a completely new work, and is still praised for excellence; its owner, Horace Hooper, lavished enormous effort on its perfection. In , the vice-president of Sears, Elkan Harrison Powell, assumed presidency of the Britannica ; in , he began the policy of continuous revision.

This was a departure from earlier practice, in which the articles were not changed until a new edition was produced, at roughly year intervals, some articles unchanged from earlier editions.

In , ownership passed to William B. Benton, who managed the Britannica until his death in Benton set up the Benton Foundation, which managed the Britannica until In , near the end of this era, the Britannica celebrated its bicentennial.

Under Mortimer J. This second version of the 15th edition continued to be published and revised until the print version. In , the Britannica was bought by Jacqui Safra at well below its estimated value, owing to the company's financial difficulties.

One part retained the company name and developed the print version, and the other, Britannica. Since , the two companies have shared a CEO, Ilan Yeshua, who has continued Powell's strategy of introducing new products with the Britannica name. In March , Britannica's president, Jorge Cauz, announced that it would not produce any new print editions of the encyclopaedia, with the 15th edition being the last.

The company will focus only on the online edition and other educational tools. Britannica Global Edition was printed in It contained 30 volumes and 18, pages, with 8, photographs, maps, flags, and illustrations in smaller "compact" volumes. It contained over 40, articles written by scholars from across the world, including Nobel Prize winners.

Unlike the 15th edition, it did not contain Macro- and Micropedia sections, but ran A through Z as all editions up to the 14th had. It currently is out of print and sold out. The following is Britannica's description of the work: [ 19 ]. The Britannica was dedicated to the reigning British monarch from to and then, upon its sale to an American partnership, to the British monarch and the President of the United States.

Since the 3rd edition, the Britannica has enjoyed a popular and critical reputation for general excellence. The Britannica has a reputation for summarising knowledge. More recently, A. Only two people are known to have read two independent editions: the author C. Forester [ 12 ] and Amos Urban Shirk, an American businessman, who read the 11th and 14th editions, devoting roughly three hours per night for four and a half years to read the 11th.

The online Britannica won the Codie award for "Best Online Consumer Information Service"; [ 32 ] the Codie awards are granted yearly by the Software and Information Industry Association to recognise the best products among categories of software.

In , the Britannica was again a finalist. The Britannica is occasionally criticised for its editorial choices. Given its roughly constant size, the encyclopaedia has needed to reduce or eliminate some topics to accommodate others, resulting in controversial decisions. Britannica -appointed contributors are occasionally mistaken or unscientific. Wendy Doniger, who is on the editorial board of Britannica, [ 42 ] has been criticised for her negative portrayal of Hinduism. The Britannica has received criticism, especially as editions become outdated.

It is expensive to produce a completely new edition of the Britannica, [ 46 ] and its editors delay for as long as fiscally sensible usually about 25 years. When American physicist Harvey Einbinder detailed its failings in his book, The Myth of the Britannica , [ 47 ] the encyclopaedia was provoked to produce the 15th edition, which required 10 years of work.

In an inaccurate entry about the Irish civil war was discussed in the Irish press following a decision of the Department of Education and Science to pay for online access. However, there are exceptions to this rule, such as defense rather than defence.

Articles with identical names are ordered first by persons, then by places, then by things. Rulers with identical names are organised first alphabetically by country and then by chronology; thus, Charles III of France precedes Charles I of England, listed in Britannica as the ruler of Great Britain and Ireland.

That is, they are alphabetised as if their titles were "Charles, France, 3" and "Charles, Great Britain and Ireland, 1". Similarly, places that share names are organised alphabetically by country, then by ever-smaller political divisions.

In March , the company announced that the edition would be the last printed version. This was announced as a move by the company to adapt to the times and focus on its future using digital distribution.

Britannica Junior was first published in as 12 volumes. In a 16 volume Young Children's Encyclopaedia was issued for children just learning to read. My First Britannica is aimed at children ages six to twelve, and the Britannica Discovery Library is for children aged three to six issued to There have been and are several abridged Britannica encyclopaedias.

The company also publishes several specialised reference works, such as Shakespeare: The Essential Guide to the Life and Works of the Bard Wiley, The package includes a range of supplementary content including maps, videos, sound clips, animations and web links.

It also offers study tools and dictionary and thesaurus entries from Merriam-Webster. Britannica Online is a website with more than , articles and is updated regularly. Articles may be accessed online for free, but only a few opening lines of text are displayed.

Beginning in early , the Britannica made articles freely available if they are hyperlinked from an external site. Daily topical features sent directly to users' mobile phones are also planned. On 3 June , an initiative to facilitate collaboration between online expert and amateur scholarly contributors for Britannica's online content in the spirit of a wiki , with editorial oversight from Britannica staff, was announced.

On 22 January , Britannica's president, Jorge Cauz, announced that the company would be accepting edits and additions to the online Britannica website from the public. The published edition of the encyclopaedia will not be affected by the changes.

In March it was announced that the company would cease printing the encyclopedia set, and that the Britannica would be available online for a subscription fee. The print version of the Britannica has 4, contributors, many eminent in their fields, such as Nobel Laureate economist Milton Friedman, astronomer Carl Sagan, and surgeon Michael DeBakey.

An exceptionally prolific contributor is Christine Sutton of the University of Oxford, who contributed 24 articles on particle physics. While Britannica' s authors have included writers such as Albert Einstein , Marie Curie , and Leon Trotsky, as well as notable independent encyclopaedists such as Isaac Asimov , some have been criticised for lack of expertise: [ 85 ]. The current editorial staff of the Britannica includes five Senior Editors and nine Associate Editors, supervised by Dale Hoiberg and four others.

Some of these departments are organised hierarchically. For example, the copy editors are divided into 4 copy editors, 2 senior copy editors, 4 supervisors, plus a coordinator and a director. Similarly, the Editorial department is headed by Dale Hoiberg and assisted by four others; they oversee the work of five senior editors, nine associate editors, and one executive assistant.

This title: establishes a confident understanding of science; develops research and reference skills; provides answers for curious minds; is a single source for a wide range of topics across the curriculum; and, offers immediate engagement through vivid illustrations. Have doubts regarding this product?

Post your question. The same. He sets fire to a diamond, dropping it into liquid oxygen after dropping it on the floor — was that real, Brian, or just for a bit of theatre? The purpose of the experiment is to show that a diamond is solely made of carbon, and to demonstrate one of the latest scientific theories: that everything is made up of limited number of elements. I reckon Cox identifies with Davy. Certainly it's clear that Davy was the Cox of his day, or the other way around.

I wonder if it could be that when Davy died, another scientist, the Italian physicist and galvanist Giovanni Aldini, who was hanging around at the time, had Davy disinterred by grave robbers in the middle of the night when else would they do it? Here Aldini plunged electrodes into Davy's corpse, to show that electricity is the very spark of life.

It look a while, roughly a couple of centuries, but eventually Davy came back to life, as Cox. For Giovanni Aldini read Victor Frankenstein Things Can Only Get Worse. Well, it's just a theory …. Anyway, that is what we are talking about here. Science Britannica is a celebration of British science, over the years, but with special emphasis on controversy.

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