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Download the report. Download the Annual Report. Time to TeachTeachers attending lessons and spending sufficient time on task is a critical prerequisite for learning in school. Yet, in sub-Saharan Africa, teacher absenteeism is as high as 45 per cent.

Time to Teach identifies factors affecting teacher attendance and uses this evidence to inform the design and implementation of teacher policies in twenty African countries. Drawing from both quantitative and qualitative data on a range of topics—from motivation to retention—this research aims to identify solutions for sustainable change. Year-on-year more children are caught up in conflict and displacement.

They face recurrent threats of famine and are the most exposed to climate change and environmental degradation.

The crises and fragile contexts children face are also more and more protracted and entrenched. The consequences of childhood exposure to shocks and long-running uncertainty remain poorly understood.

Innocenti will also expand its well-established work on rigorous impact evaluations of social protection mechanisms in order to better understand cash in emergencies and fragile contexts. This impacts heavily on the way poverty is experienced by children, even among children within the same household.

A multidimensional approach to child poverty is an essential complement to standard monetary poverty measurement. Research on multidimensional poverty aims to measure the actual access of children to goods and services that are fundamental for their full development and essential for the fulfillment of their rights under the Convention on the Rights of the Child CRC.

It allows us to gain a clearer picture of which dimensions of poverty children are experiencing, providing enhanced analytics to guide programming and policy responses. MODA is a practical and flexible tool that allows rigorous measurement of multidimensional child poverty in different contexts, as well as in-depth monitoring of SDG target 1. More than 50 national studies and 3 regional studies using MODA have been produced.

MODA can act as a supportive tool in planning interventions and policies that are more effective in targeting and revealing the most deprived children. It can also provide important evidence required to plan delivery of multi-sectoral interventions through the analysis of overlaps. Finally, MODA can be adapted to critical situations such as humanitarian crises and displacement, providing us with extremely valuable information not otherwise readily available.

When evaluating surveys for MODA, it is important to select dimensions and indicators that are relevant in each country setting. Here is a list of common indicators in each dimension for different age groups. But the list can be adapted for use with other surveys, such as household budget or living conditions studies.

Social protection has significant positive impacts for poor and vulnerable children and their families. Cash transfers — regular, predictable payments of cash - are an important social protection modality.

Research shows that cash transfers promote economic empowerment, while decreasing poverty and food insecurity. The project provides technical assistance in the design, implementation and analysis of Government programs in over a dozen countries, including Tanzania, Ghana, Mozambique and Malawi.

The Transfer Project disseminates results to national and international stakeholders and holds a bi-annual workshop to promote cross-country learning and capacity building. Findings indicate that cash transfers can: increase household productive capacity and resilience; create household and local economy spill overs; increase school enrollment and attendance;improve mental health and life satisfaction;delay sexual debut and reduce intimate partner violence, among others.

While establishing effective social protection in the context of protracted instability and displaced populations is more complex, it is also increasingly viewed as an essential mechanism to bridge the humanitarian-developmental divide. UNICEF is committed to ensuring special protection for the most disadvantaged children — victims of war, disasters, extreme poverty, all forms of violence and exploitation, and those with disabilities.

In coordination with United Nations partners and humanitarian agencies, UNICEF makes its unique facilities for rapid response available to its partners to relieve the suffering of children and those who provide their care. In everything it does, the most disadvantaged children and the countries in greatest need have priority.